Design Theory Research Articles

Using virtual and augmented reality to study architectural lighting

This paper presents industry stakeholder insights from the implementation of a dual modality intervention using virtual and augmented reality simulation to study complex lighting theory in architecture design. Using a design based research method the aim is to evaluate these insights and inform a pilot study to educate first year architectural design students on the complexities of lighting the built environment and methods to improve architectural workflow. The aim is to enable learners to experience natural and artificial lighting methods comparatively in real-time through multiple comparative visualisation methods. This is important to make informed evaluations regarding architectural designs in terms of spatial quality, character, performance, and user-comfort levels. This in turn allows architects to rapidly modify their designs to accommodate or mitigate the environmental effects. Outcomes from the initial usability test highlight the ability to switch back and forth between the virtual and augmented reality simulation technology, and between lighting visualisation modes as a huge step forward by the industry stakeholders. Additionally, the idea of representing the physical building where the simulation took place virtually using a detailed mapping gave a real-world anchor that made the simulations easy to navigate, leading to improved satisfaction and engagement. However, the study also highlighted improvements in the delivery of the simulation is required to improve simulation learnability and efficiency.

Design and cooling of permanent magnet generator in MW-class space closed Brayton cycle system

The closed Brayton cycle (CBC) system is a prime energy conversion technology to convert heat from the reactor to electric power for space missions due to its light weight, compact and stable operation. The CBC system incorporates a permanent magnet generator (PMG) mounted on the CBC shaft with the turbine and compressor. To ensure safe operation of the CBC system, a small fraction of the working fluid is used to provide the required cooling. In this study, four different cooling schemes used in CBC system are concluded and the key dimensions of the PMG are obtained through mechanical design theory and electromagnetic theory. Comprehensive research on the electromagnetic field and loss calculation is then performed. Furthermore, the cooling paths of the PMG are designed and the resulting temperature profiles are calculated. Finally, different cooling schemes are compared and the appropriate cooling advice is proposed.

Research on the Energy Consumption Influence Mechanism and Prediction for the Early Design Stage of University Public Teaching Buildings in Beijing

The public teaching buildings of universities have a large flow of people, high lighting requirements, and large energy consumption, which present significant potential for energy saving. The greatest opportunity for integrating “green” architectural design strategies lies in the design phase, especially the early stage of architectural design. However, current designers often rely on experience or qualitative judgment for decision-making. Thus, there is a pressing need for rational and quantitative green architectural design theories and techniques to guide and support decision-making for the design parameters of teaching buildings. This study, based on field surveys of 40 teaching buildings, constructs building archetypes regarding energy consumption including 28 typical values. Based on the “Rectangle”, “L”, “U”, and “Courtyard” archetypes, through batch energy consumption simulation and multiple regression methods, the influence mechanisms of nine energy consumption influencing factors on four types of building energy consumptions were explored, and energy consumption prediction models were derived. The findings of this research can serve as factor evaluation and selection in the early stage of architectural design for public teaching buildings at universities, and the prediction model can assist in the early estimation of energy consumption. This aims to enrich and supplement green architectural design methods by supporting the design of green public teaching buildings and providing reference and application for relevant engineering practices.

Emotional analysis of multiplayer online battle arena games addiction

IntroductionMultiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) games have garnered widespread popularity as a form of recreational activity. The launch of League of Legends (LoL), a prominent MOBA game, has captivated the enthusiastic pursuit of gamers in the MOBA community. The surge in MOBA game fervor, coupled with the influence of personal emotions, can result in excessive engagement, ultimately leading to addiction.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the moderating effects of visceral perception, behavior, and reflection on game players’ addiction within the framework of Leisure Theory (LT), Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT), and Emotional Design Theory (EDT).MethodsA hypothesized theoretical model was developed and empirically evaluated based on 236 self-reported validated responses from MOBA gamers. SPSS (version 26) was employed for demographic analysis and game duration analysis. The measurement model and structural model analyses were conducted in two stages using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4.1.0 to validate the nine theoretical hypotheses.ResultsIt has been observed that personal emotions significantly contributes to MOBA game addiction during gamers’ leisure time or moments of gratification. Specifically, a noteworthy connection exists between two dimensions, namely gamers’ behavior and reflection, demonstrating a positive correlation with gaming addiction. Without taking entertainment as a motivating factor, there is no significant relationship between gamers’ leisure-time and visceral perception.ConclusionThis study enhances the theoretical model of gamers’ behavioral motives in engaging with MOBA gaming and contributes to the expansion of research on game addiction theory. These findings offer valuable theoretical insights for emotional design in games and the design of mechanisms for preventing game addiction.

Changes in the state of matter of KCIO4 to improve thermal and combustion properties of Al/MoO3 nanothermite

To improve the thermal and combustion properties of nanothermites, a design theory of changing the state of matter and structural state of the reactants during reaction was proposed. The Al/MoO3/KClO4 (Kp) nanothermite was prepared and the Al/MoO3 nanothermite was used as a control. SEM and XRD were used to characterize the nanothermites; DSC was used to test thermal properties; and constant volume and open combustion tests were performed to examine their combustion performance. Phase and morphology characterization of the combustion products were performed to reveal the mechanism of the aluminothermic reaction. The results show that the Al/MoO3/Kp nanothermite exhibited excellent thermal properties, with a total heat release of 1976 J·g− 1, increasing by approximately 33% of 1486 J·g− 1 of the Al/MoO3 nanothermite, and activation energy of 269.66 kJ·mol− 1, which demonstrated higher stability than the Al/MoO3 nanothermite (205.64 kJ·mol− 1). During the combustion test, the peak pressure of the Al/MoO3/Kp nanothermite was 0.751 MPa, and the average pressure rise rate was 25.03 MPa·s− 1, much higher than 0.188 MPa and 6.27 MPa·s− 1 of the Al/MoO3 nanothermite. The combustion products of Al/MoO3 nanothermite were Al2O3, MoO, and Mo, indicating insufficient combustion and incomplete reaction, whereas, the combustion products of Al/MoO3/Kp nanothermite were Al2O3, MoO, and KCl, indicating complete reaction. Their “coral-like” morphology was the effect of reactants solidifying after melting during the combustion process. The characterization of reactants and pressure test during combustion reveals the three stages of aluminothermic reaction in thermites. The excellent thermal and combustion performance of Al/MoO3/Kp nanothermite is attributed to the melt and decomposition of Kp into O2 in the third stage. This study provides new ideas and guidance for the design of high-performance nanothermites.

Strength design of built-up radially battened columns subject to axial compression and arbitrary directional bending moment

Built-up radially battened columns (RBCs), comprising several identical circular steel tubes interconnected by multiple radial-shaped battens, represent an innovative column design that combines aesthetic appeal with exceptional load-bearing capacity. This makes them well-suited for architectural applications in large public buildings such as stations and airports. The axial compressive strength design methods for the built-up RBC have been extensively explored in the authors' prior studies. However, in real-world engineering applications, built-up RBCs may experience simultaneous axial compression and varying directional bending moments, particularly when considering potential eccentric compression or wind and earthquake loads in public buildings. Currently, strength design methods for this loading condition are still lacking. To address this deficiency, this paper primarily delves into the failure mechanism and strength design methods for built-up RBCs experiencing combined axial compression and arbitrary directional bending moments. Initially, the sectional strength of the built-up RBC is investigated by using a shell finite element model (FEM) for the built-up RBC. It is revealed that the compression-bending sectional strength of the built-up RBC exhibits significant differences with varying bending directions and tube numbers. Moreover, in some bending directions, the M-N sectional strength curve of the built-up RBC exhibits convexity. By integrating theoretically derived equations grounded in the principles of materials mechanics with FEM numerical calculations, concise and practical design equations are proposed for accurately predicting the sectional strength of the built-up RBC under combined axial compression and arbitrary directional bending moments. Subsequently, The buckling strength of the built-up RBC is studied using the FEM, considering initial geometrical imperfections consistent with first-order flexural buckling and accounting for geometric nonlinearity. It is noted that the bending direction of the built-up RBC may deviate during loading. Besides, the M-N buckling strength curve of the built-up RBC is not as convex as its M-N sectional strength curve. Based on calculations from numerous examples, practical design equations for predicting the buckling strength for the built-up RBC under axial compression and any directional bending moments are introduced. The key findings of this paper contribute to the compression-bending strength design of RBCs, enriching RBC design theory and promoting the widespread application of built-up RBCs in actual engineering projects.

DesignFusion: Integrating Generative Models for Conceptual Design Enrichment

Abstract Conceptual design is a pivotal phase of product design and development, encompassing user requirement exploration and informed solution generation. Recent generative models with their powerful content generation capabilities have been applied to conceptual design to support designers' ideation. However, the lack of transparency in their generation process and the shallow nature of their generated solutions constrain their performance in complex conceptual design tasks. In this study, we first introduce a conceptual design generation approach that combines generative models with classic design theory. This approach decomposes the conceptual design task based on design process and design attributes, and uses the Who, What, Where, When, Why, How (5W1H) method, Function-Behavior-Structure (FBS) model, and Kansei Engineering to guide generative models to generate conceptual design solutions through multi-step reasoning. Then we present an interactive system using a mind-map layout to visualize multi-step reasoning, called DesignFusion. This empowers designers to track the generation process and control inputs/outputs at each reasoning step. Two user studies show that our approach significantly enhances the quality of generated design solutions and enriches designer experience in human-AI co-creation.

New results on large sets of orthogonal arrays and orthogonal arrays

AbstractOrthogonal array and a large set of orthogonal arrays are important research objects in combinatorial design theory, and they are widely applied to statistics, computer science, coding theory, and cryptography. In this paper, some new series of large sets of orthogonal arrays are given by direct construction, juxtaposition construction, Hadamard construction, finite field construction, and difference matrix construction. Subsequently, many new infinite classes of orthogonal arrays are obtained by using these large sets of orthogonal arrays and Kronecker product.

The damage-based inelastic displacement ratio for performance-based design of fully self-centering systems under pulse-like near-fault earthquake ground motions

In this investigation, the damage-based inelastic displacement ratio (IDR) for fully self-centering (SC) systems with flag-shaped hysteresis behavior is determined under pulse-like earthquake ground motions to use in performance-based design theory. Pulsive earthquakes are known as dangerous natural phenomena due to the location of structures in the vicinity of the fault with forward-directivity and high-velocity amplitude features, which expose the system to high risk. Before this, the IDRs were obtained based on constant-ductility and strength reduction factor intensities for designing new and evaluating existing structures with SC behavior. However, the issue could be extended to an energy-based theory using the Park-Ang damage model as a popular index among researchers, with the ability to consider record amplitude, frequency content, and duration. Therefore, the damage-based IDR was determined under 252 pulse-like records with 126 pairs at four damage levels, 30 periods of vibration, four ultimate ductility factors (µu), four stiffness hardening ratios (α), and three dissipative energy factors (βn) by conducting comprehensive nonlinear dynamic analysis. Then, the influence of the mentioned parameters on obtained IDRs is evaluated to propose a robust equation for estimating target displacement in these systems. Statistical results illustrate that the approximate equation based on normalizing the structural period to the predominated period can predict the target displacement compared to achieved ones from direct time-history analysis, where the difference between estimated and mean target displacements is below 15%.

Towards design theory for community collaboration support system during crises: from conceptualisation to validation

ABSTRACT This research conceptualises and validates a design theory for developing Community Collaboration Support Systems (CCSS) to enhance supply chain (SC) resilience during crises. We constructed a knowledge base to derive kernel theories, following the Design Science Research (DSR) methodology. Utilising exploratory and confirmatory focus groups as the primary data collection methods, we refined and validated the proposed CCSS design theory, ensuring its robustness, applicability, and validity. This study not only contributes to the field of information collaborative systems through the theoretical conceptualisation of CCSS theory but also provides practical insights for researchers and practitioners, fostering advancements in crisis management and community collaboration support systems.

Interrogating Covid-19 Protocols and Policing in Nigeria: Implications of Government Distrust and Service Failure (2019 – 2022)

The study examined covid-19 protocols and policing in Nigeria, with implications of government distrust and service failure, 2019 – 2022. Specifically, the study interrogated how government’s attitude to healthcare delivery undermined covid-19 protocols and policing in Nigeria; and how multidimensional poverty in the country undermined Nigeria’s lockdown protocols and policing in the fight against the virus. By adopting documentary method of data collection, expost facto research design and securitisation theory, the study found that government’s historical attitude towards healthcare delivery for its citizens led to the failure of its covid-19 protocols and policing, as result of the poor compliance of citizens. The study further found that multidimensional poverty among Nigerians led to the undermining of governments lockdown measures and guidelines during the pandemic. This were borne out of the citizens’ distrust of their government who have hoarded palliatives meant to cushion the effect of the pandemic. The study concluded and recommended amongst others, that the government must invest in quality healthcare by increasing its spending and budget allocations to the healthcare sector. It must also ensure that it desist from playing politics with palliatives meant to help cushion the effect of the pandemic on its citizens.

Transforming perspectives on gender through imagined futures: A speculative design inquiry

This paper will present a second-year Fashion Design Theory project, ‘Imagining Gender Equality in 100 Years’. The project outcomes were based on the critical design approach of speculative design (SD), exploring the intersectional issues of gender relevant to a South African context. SD thrives on imagination to create scenarios that change perspectives, beliefs, and values related to social problems. The following questions were posed to the students in developing the project guidelines. Firstly, what will the change in values, beliefs, and attitudes related to issues of gender look like in the future? And how can students use design to imagine spaces in the present for discussion and debate about alternative ways of being in an imagined future? With the application of action research, the paper discusses and analyses a selection of student projects completed in 2020 and 2021. In doing this, the paper aims to reflect on the transformation of a design theory assessment by applying critical design approaches culminating in creative and conceptual outcomes for complex life problems. In addition, reflections and lessons learnt on the blended teaching and learning methods amidst Covid-19 will be imparted.

Numerical Study of Wheat Particle Flow Characteristics in a Horizontal Curved Pipe

Energy consumption is one of the important indicators of green development. The pressure drop and the particle kinetic energy loss in the pipe bend result in high energy consumption of wheat pneumatic conveying. In this paper, the CFD-DEM method is used to study the characteristics of flow field in horizontal pipe bend. The results show that the particles converge together under the force of the curved pipe wall to form a particle rope. With increasing pipe bend ratio R/D, the aggregation of particle bundles becomes stronger and the particle spiral phenomenon decreases. The particles impact the pipe wall at an angular position of θ = 30–60° around the bend, and their velocity decreases slowly under the friction resistance of the pipe wall. The velocity loss caused by particles impacting on the pipe wall increases with increasing initial velocity. When the particle mass flow rate is 1.26 kg/s and the gas velocity is 10 m/s, the pressure drop in the bend decreases and then increases with increasing R/D. The pressure drop of the bend is smallest for R/D = 2 and increases gradually with increasing gas-phase velocity. With increasing of R/D, the wall shear force between the particles and the bending pipe decreases and then increases, and the position of the maximum force moves towards the bottom of the bending pipe. The area over which the wall shear force acts continues to decrease because of the aggregation of particle bundles. The research results provide a theory for optimal design and application of pneumatic conveying equipment for wheat particles.

A Study of Design Concepts in Artificers Record

Artificers Record is an important part of the Confucian classic Zhou Li and the earliest extant Chinese document on handicraft technology. It encompasses various categories and has a wide range of disciplines, especially rich in design and artistic thoughts. Currently, there is an incomplete condensation and generalization of the design theory of this book, and a lack of research on the linkage between Chinese and Western, ancient and modern design history. Through consulting Artificers Record and a large number of literature, this paper summarizes three fundamental design concepts that run through the entire book: Following Nature, Using Fine Materials and Skilled Craftsmanship, and People Oriented. Finally, combining with the current status of industrial design and exemplifying some mainstream design concepts, this paper explores and reflects on the deep-level resonance of thought consciousness spanning millennia.

Inspiration from hyperbolic paraboloid folding for clothing design

PurposeThis study aims to increase the novelty of clothing design and fabric texture. The element library that can be used for design is systematically summarized. The element database can also be continuously filled according to the existing logic to realize the diversity of design. Improve the theory of fashion design, expand the designer's design ideas and improve design efficiency. Clear design steps and logic can help students and machines learn the design process and promote the development of intelligent design. And verify the feasibility of the simulation software to assist pleated clothing design.Design/methodology/approachFirstly, according to the logical framework of origami theory, different innovative designs and combined designs are made for the basic units of hyperbolic paraboloid, and the element library that can be used for design is systematically summarized. This database can also be continuously filled according to the existing logic to realize the diversity of design. Secondly, it summarizes three methods of pleated element filling clothing – uniform filling method, the irregular filling method and geometric addition method – that improve the theory of fashion design, expand the designer's design ideas and improve design efficiency. Clear design steps and logic can help students and machines learn the design process and promote the development of intelligent design. Finally, the virtual software is used to simulate the effect of pleated clothing, and the three-dimensional simulation software 3dclo is used to make an empirical study on the application of hyperbolic paraboloid origami in clothing pleated design to verify the feasibility of the simulation software to assist pleated clothing design.FindingsThe theoretical results of hyperbolic paraboloid origami are collected and arranged to establish the element library of hyperbolic paraboloid origami. The results expand the designer's design ideas and auxiliary design technology and improve the design efficiency using a sample of hyperbolic paraboloid fabric to verify its practicability and three-dimensional clothing simulation software for exploring the design. The design rules of hyperbolic paraboloid clothing and the realization method of fabric are summarized, including the expansion and combing of elements, the application of size and shape and the method of combination.Research limitations/implicationsOwing to the hyperbolic paraboloid origami’s length shrinkage, the loose computation of clothing requires targeted computation. This paper solely applies a paper model for estimating the shrinkage, and then we tend to subsequently explore the way to precisely compute the porosity, to determine the existing differences in the two-dimensional shrinkage of hyperbolic paraboloid creases of varying materials and to know if the clothing after large-scale production is capable of reaching the anticipated value.Practical implicationsThe exploration of this experiment brings a new 3D experiment process to the design process.Social implicationsThis experiment brings new possibilities for the development of virtual fitting and virtual display in the industry.Originality/valueThis study combines hyperbolic paraboloid origami and clothing and combs and expands the unit with logical thinking to expand the designer's design ideas.

Traditional Rural Culture in Xinyang Tea Packaging Design

Rural traditional culture is an important component of China's traditional cultural system, and has been an important supporting force for the national rejuvenation in the recent years. It has also been widely used in many industries, with the aim to promote rich cultural connotations into the development of rural traditional cultural elements. Xinyang Maojian tea, as being one of China’s most famous product, comes with various tea packaging designs that portray the richness of tea in its own traditional tea culture. Using rural cultural symbols to convey tea culture can reflect regional characteristics and tea types in most prominent way. Therefore, this study would skillfully integrate rural cultural content, combining symbol design theory and using information means to carry out Xinyang tea packaging design that can reflect the market awareness of tea and expand the popularity of Xinyang Maojian. From the perspective of traditional rural culture, this paper analyzes the packaging design of Xinyang tea, aiming at improving the publicity effect of Xinyang tea and carrying forward the traditional rural culture of Xinyang.

Smart Garden Management System Based on the combination of Internet of Things and Geographic Information System Technology

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology is inevitably forging ahead in a number of areas all among them being the agricultural sector and in particular the affected environment. This paper utilizes the farm's IoT where through an effective analysis, the smart garden is designed and managed. It blends field research, project implementations and theoretical analysis to improve the case implementation. It can be considered as more rigorous and practical. The study intends, first and foremost, to look at agricultural IoT based technologies and how IoT changes the way farmers work and agricultural landscapes look. Different theories have been used in the implementation of these concepts which include agriculture, tourism, and landscape design. The technical side will integrate the Internet of Things technology, the adaptation theory of agricultural industrialization, the formation of the theory of ecotourism, the application of tourism psychological theory in tourism discipline, the ecology theory of landscape and aesthetics theory, and landscape gardening planning and design theory. A comprehensive examination of the smart park has been conducted, including relevant theories and the application of planning and design principles. This systematic research aims to provide scientific direction for the agricultural aspects of the smart park. In order to offer scientific direction for the planning and design of agricultural Internet of Things (IoT) in smart gardens, this study presents a theoretical framework for the planning and design of smart gardens that incorporate agricultural IoT. The framework is comprehensively explained, encompassing its concept, distinguishing features, relevant theories, and guidance approaches.

McLuhan’s Tetrad as a Tool to Interpret the Impact of Online Studio Education on Design Studio Pedagogy

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a surge in online studio education, which has presented a significant challenge to traditional design studio teaching methods that rely on face-to-face interactions between instructors and students. It is contended that online studio education enhances the accessibility of design studio pedagogy, making it possible for students to learn from anywhere in the world. However, it also challenges the development of tactile skills, which are crucial in design education. Additionally, online studio education can render certain aspects of traditional design studio pedagogy obsolete, while bringing back elements of design history and theory that may have been overlooked in traditional studio teaching. It can also be argued that online studio education has the potential to reverse the traditional power dynamics between instructors and students, resulting in more democratic and collaborative forms of learning that can empower students. As the literature on the effects of online studio education is growing, there is a need to understand how the shift from the material space and its affordances to an online environment affects the core components of an architectural design studio. To understand the effects of this new medium, this research employed Marshall McLuhan’s tetradic approach, a hermeneutic tool to perform a critical interpretation of any medium by examining four simultaneous effects: how it enhances a human sense, what it makes obsolete, what forgotten aspect it retrieves, and how it flips into its opposite at its extremes. A literature review was conducted to analyze the effects of online studios from a tetradic framework and identify the major discussions of the impact of online studio education. The methodology involves a two-part literature review. This study specifically focused on peer-reviewed, empirical research published after 2020, and the authors used search terms related to online architectural studios during the pandemic. The process identified 176 records of peer-reviewed empirical studies for further analysis and 20 papers were read and included in the review, defining repeating topics/themes and organized under four categories pertaining to the founding archetypes of an architectural design studio: (a) setting and communication, (b) actors, (c) outputs, and (d) dynamics. This process was followed by organizing the findings and interpreting them within the tetradic framework to develop a comprehensive understanding of the consequences of the online design studio. Overall, this research aims to provide a detailed and nuanced analysis of the impact of online studio education on design studio pedagogy, conceptualizing McLuhan’s tetrad as a basis for the analysis, and therefore aiming to enrich our understanding of the post-COVID-19 era of learning architecture by examining the dramatic change in the medium and its effects.

Structure And Material Research For SFRC Pavement

The thesis,on the basis of summarizing the present study and appliance at abroad and home, integrates the present test standard with the special environment of pavement, to discuss systemically the design theory of pavement for supplying the reliable theory for the design. Then, ANSYS is used to make the stimulation calculation of SFRC, and to analyze the result, then as well as to put forward the slab length about 16m; Finally, to test the major property of SFRC verifies the favorable property of Steel fiber reinforced concrete, and connecting the practical conditions of pavement, by the structure design, verifies the feasibility of applied to supply a better way for designing the pavement.

Adaptive organizational network response in a crisis: The case of five European airports during the COVID‐19 pandemic

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges to the joint organizational response of private and public and here especially public health organizations. This is particularly true for airports as central connectors of global travel and trade. For five European airports, we analyzed the interorganizational response based on input from 66 of the 87 different airport partners, using two fictitious scenarios derived from public health practice. We applied organizational design theory and quantitative (network) analysis to show how the four fundamental problems of organizing have been tackled at airports, i.e., task distribution, task allocation, rewards, and information provision. This article shows how the response to COVID‐19 in the airport setting needs to be solved within broad and flexible public administrative networks. The thorough understanding of organizational network responses in emergency management following from this article supports future preparedness efforts to deal with complex known and unknown public health threats.